Hello,
At this time, there really isn't anything within LabKey SQL that could give the specific functionality of Rank().
There is the typical OrderBy function, but that's not exactly the same thing.
It is possible for you to create your own code using Javascript or Java to render the data that gets generated and have the values render as if you were implementing a Rank() function. Here's a good example that you should be able to build a working concept against:
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/14834571/ranking-array-elements
I've submitted a feature request to review the potential of having this added into LabKey SQL for a future build.
Regards,
Jon